Artificiële Intelligentie & Recht
Innovation, Quantum-AI Technology & Law

Blog over Kunstmatige Intelligentie, Quantum, Deep Learning, Blockchain en Big Data Law

Blog over juridische, sociale, ethische en policy aspecten van Kunstmatige Intelligentie, Quantum Computing, Sensing & Communication, Augmented Reality en Robotica, Big Data Wetgeving en Machine Learning Regelgeving. Kennisartikelen inzake de EU AI Act, de Data Governance Act, cloud computing, algoritmes, privacy, virtual reality, blockchain, robotlaw, smart contracts, informatierecht, ICT contracten, online platforms, apps en tools. Europese regels, auteursrecht, chipsrecht, databankrechten en juridische diensten AI recht.

Berichten in Artificial Intelligence
We hebben dringend een recht op dataprocessing nodig
We hebben dringend een recht op dataprocessing nodig

Deze column is gepubliceerd op platform VerderDenken.nl van het Centrum voor Postacademisch Juridisch Onderwijs (CPO) van de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. https://www.ru.nl/cpo/verderdenken/columns/we-dringend-recht-dataprocessing-nodig/

5 juridische obstakels voor een succesvol AI-ecosysteem

Eerder schreef ik dat vraagstukken over het (intellectueel) eigendom van data, databescherming en privacy een belemmering vormen voor het (her)gebruiken en delen van hoge kwaliteit data tussen burgers, bedrijven, onderzoeksinstellingen en de overheid. Er bestaat in Europa nog geen goed functionerend juridisch-technisch systeem dat rechtszekerheid en een gunstig investeringsklimaat biedt en bovenal is gemaakt met de datagedreven economie in het achterhoofd. We hebben hier te maken met een complex probleem dat in de weg staat aan exponentiële innovatie.

Auteursrechten, Privacy en Rechtsonzekerheid over eigendom van data

De eerste juridische horde bij datadelen is auteursrechtelijk van aard. Ten tweede kunnen er (sui generis) databankenrechten van derden rusten op (delen van) de training-, testing- of validatiedataset. Ten derde zullen bedrijven na een strategische afweging kiezen voor geheimhouding, en niet voor het patenteren van hun technische vondst. Het vierde probleempunt is rechtsonzekerheid over juridisch eigendom van data. Een vijfde belemmering is de vrees voor de Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming (AVG). Onwetendheid en rechtsonzekerheid resulteert hier in risicomijdend gedrag. Het leidt niet tot spectaculaire Europese unicorns die de concurrentie aankunnen met Amerika en China.

Wat is machine learning eigenlijk?

Vertrouwdheid met technische aspecten van data in machine learning geeft juristen, datawetenschappers en beleidsmakers de mogelijkheid om effectiever te communiceren over toekomstige regelgeving voor AI en het delen van data.

Machine learning en datadelen zijn van elementair belang voor de geboorte en de evolutie van AI. En daarmee voor het behoud van onze democratische waarden, welvaart en welzijn. Een machine learning-systeem wordt niet geprogrammeerd, maar getraind. Tijdens het leerproces ontvangt een computer uitgerust met kustmatige intelligentie zowel invoergegevens (trainingdata), als de verwachte, bij deze inputdata behorende antwoorden. Het AI-systeem moet zelf de bijpassende regels en wetmatigheden formuleren met een kunstmatig brein. Algoritmische, voorspellende modellen kunnen vervolgens worden toegepast op nieuwe datasets om nieuwe, correcte antwoorden te produceren.

Dringend nodig: het recht op dataprocessing

De Europese Commissie heeft de ambitie om datasoevereiniteit terug te winnen. Europa moet een internationale datahub worden. Dit vereist een modern juridisch raamwerk in de vorm van de Europese Data Act, die in de loop van 2021 wordt verwacht. Het is naar mijn idee cruciaal dat de Data Act een expliciet recht op dataprocessing bevat.

Technologie is niet neutraal

Tegelijkertijd kan de architectuur van digitale systemen de sociaal-maatschappelijke impact van digitale transformatie reguleren. Een digitaal inclusieve samenleving moet technologie actief vormgeven. Technologie an sich is namelijk nooit neutraal. Maatschappelijke waarden zoals transparantie, vertrouwen, rechtvaardigheid, controle en cybersecurity moeten worden ingebouwd in het design van AI-systemen en de benodigde trainingdatasets, vanaf de eerste regel code.

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Artificial Intelligence, Data delen, Data processing, Privacywetgeving, Machine Learning, Kunstmatige Intelligentie, Intellectueel Eigendom, Innovation, Informatierecht, Europees recht, Europese Richtlijn, European Law, Ethics, Cloud Computing, Big data, AuteursrechtMauritz KopAIRecht recht op dataprocessing, data delen, machine learning, Kunstmatige Intelligentie, artificial intelligence, juridisch, wetgeving, Europees recht, privacy, rechtszekerheid, intellectueel eigendom, economisch eigendom, trainingsdatasets, bedrijfsgeheim, federated learning, blockchain, technologie, exponentiele innovatie, CPO, Radboud Universiteit, VerderDenken, Mauritz Kop, Stanford University, Harvard, EU Data Act, Open Data, Digitaal DNA, Unicorns
The Right to Process Data for Machine Learning Purposes in the EU
The Right to Process Data for Machine Learning Purposes in the EU

Harvard Law School, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology (JOLT) Volume 34, Digest Spring 2021

New interdisciplinary Stanford University AI & Law research article: “The Right to Process Data for Machine Learning Purposes in the EU”.

Download the article here: Kop_The Right to Process Data-Harvard

Data Act & European data-driven economy

Europe is now at a crucial juncture in deciding how to deploy data driven technologies in ways that encourage democracy, prosperity and the well-being of European citizens. The upcoming European Data Act provides a major window of opportunity to change the story. In this respect, it is key that the European Commission takes firm action, removes overbearing policy and regulatory obstacles, strenuously harmonizes relevant legislation and provides concrete incentives and mechanisms for access, sharing and re-use of data. The article argues that to ensure an efficiently functioning European data-driven economy, a new and as yet unused term must be introduced to the field of AI & law: the right to process data for machine learning purposes.

The state can implement new modalities of property

Data has become a primary resource that should not be enclosed or commodified per se, but used for the common good. Commons based production and data for social good initiatives should be stimulated by the state. We need not to think in terms of exclusive, private property on data, but in terms of rights and freedoms to use, (modalities of) access, process and share data. If necessary and desirable for the progress of society, the state can implement new forms of property. Against this background the article explores normative justifications for open innovation and shifts in the (intellectual) property paradigm, drawing inspiration from the works of canonical thinkers such as Locke, Marx, Kant and Hegel.

Ius utendi et fruendi for primary resource data

The article maintains that there should be exceptions to (de facto, economic or legal) ownership claims on data that provide user rights and freedom to operate in the setting of AI model training. It concludes that this exception is conceivable as a legal concept analogous to a quasi, imperfect usufruct in the form of a right to process data for machine learning purposes. A combination of usus and fructus (ius utendi et fruendi), not for land but for primary resource data. A right to process data that works within the context of AI and the Internet of Things (IoT), and that fits in the EU acquis communautaire. Such a right makes access, sharing and re-use of data possible, and helps to fulfil the European Strategy for Data’s desiderata.

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Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, Innovation, Intellectual Property, Internet of Things, Scholarship, TTLFMauritz KopHarvard Law SchoolRight to Process Data, Data Sharing Access and Re-Use, Ius Utendi (usus) et Fruendi (fructus), Quasi Usufruct, Locke, Kant, Machine Learning, AI, Intellectual Property, European Data Act, Training Datasets, Database Rights, Copyright, Trade Secrets, Property Paradigm, Public Domain, Open Innovation, Mauritz Kop, Stanford University, Harvard Law School, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
Machine Learning & EU Data Sharing Practices
Machine Learning & EU Data Sharing Practices

Stanford - Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, Transatlantic Antitrust and IPR Developments, Stanford University, Issue No. 1/2020

New multidisciplinary research article: ‘Machine Learning & EU Data Sharing Practices’.

Download the article here: Kop_Machine Learning and EU Data Sharing Practices-Stanford University

In short, the article connects the dots between intellectual property (IP) on data, data ownership and data protection (GDPR and FFD), in an easy to understand manner. It also provides AI and Data policy and regulatory recommendations to the EU legislature.

As we all know, machine learning & data science can help accelerate many aspects of the development of drugs, antibody prophylaxis, serology tests and vaccines.

Supervised machine learning needs annotated training datasets

Data sharing is a prerequisite for a successful Transatlantic AI ecosystem. Hand-labelled, annotated training datasets (corpora) are a sine qua non for supervised machine learning. But what about intellectual property (IP) and data protection?

Data that represent IP subject matter are protected by IP rights. Unlicensed (or uncleared) use of machine learning input data potentially results in an avalanche of copyright (reproduction right) and database right (extraction right) infringements. The article offers three solutions that address the input (training) data copyright clearance problem and create breathing room for AI developers.

The article contends that introducing an absolute data property right or a (neighbouring) data producer right for augmented machine learning training corpora or other classes of data is not opportune.

Legal reform and data-driven economy

In an era of exponential innovation, it is urgent and opportune that both the TSD, the CDSM and the DD shall be reformed by the EU Commission with the data-driven economy in mind.

Freedom of expression and information, public domain, competition law

Implementing a sui generis system of protection for AI-generated Creations & Inventions is -in most industrial sectors- not necessary since machines do not need incentives to create or invent. Where incentives are needed, IP alternatives exist. Autonomously generated non-personal data should fall into the public domain. The article argues that strengthening and articulation of competition law is more opportune than extending IP rights.

Data protection and privacy

More and more datasets consist of both personal and non-personal machine generated data. Both the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Regulation on the free flow of non-personal data (FFD) apply to these ‘mixed datasets’.

Besides the legal dimensions, the article describes the technical dimensions of data in machine learning and federated learning.

Modalities of future AI-regulation

Society should actively shape technology for good. The alternative is that other societies, with different social norms and democratic standards, impose their values on us through the design of their technology. With built-in public values, including Privacy by Design that safeguards data protection, data security and data access rights, the federated learning model is consistent with Human-Centered AI and the European Trustworthy AI paradigm.

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Artificial Intelligence, Big data, Data delen, Machine Learning, Privacywetgeving, Policy, Tech Startups, Intellectueel EigendomMauritz KopAIRechtData Sharing, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Training Corpora, Mixed Dataset, Sui Generis Database Right, Copyright, Patent, Trade Secret, Data Ownership, Property Law, Public Domain, Res Publicae ex Machina, Policy, AI-Regulation, Technology, Data Protection, Privacy, GDPR, FFD, Data-Driven Economy, Machine Legibility, Federated Learning, Future, Vision, Design, Values, Trustworthy AI, Human-Centered AI, Open Data, Legal Reform, Trade Secret Directive, Database Directive, EU Copyright Directive, Antitrust, Competition Law, Stanford University
Mauritz Kop becomes TTLF Fellow at Stanford University
Mauritz Kop becomes TTLF Fellow at Stanford University

AIRecht Partner joins Stanford Law School’s Transatlantic Thinktank

Honoured and thrilled to join Stanford Law School’s Transatlantic Thinktank and become TTLF Fellow at Stanford University. It is the Silicon Valley, California based Transatlantic Technology Law Forum’s objective to raise professional understanding and public awareness of transatlantic challenges in the field of law, science and technology, as well as to support policy-oriented research on transatlantic issues in the field.

Human Centred AI & IPR policy

My comparative, interdisciplinary research project focuses on Human Centred AI & IPR policy. How to realize an impactful transformative tech related IP (intellectual property) policy that facilitates an innovation optimum and protects our common Humanist moral values at the same time?

Focus beyond Intellectual Property Law

With an additional focus beyond IP, the research shall present ideas on how Europe and The United States could apply sustainable disruptive innovation policy pluralism (i.e. mix, match and layer IP alternatives such as competition law and government-market hybrids) to enable fair-trading conditions and balance the effects of exponential innovation within the Transatlantic markets. The research envisages that the presented ideas and viewpoints will be refined towards more actual policies in Brussels and Washington.

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Amerikaans recht, Artificial Intelligence, Europees recht, European Law, University, IPR, Intellectual Property, Research, InnovationMauritz KopAIRechtMauritz Kop, TTLF Fellow, Stanford University, Stanford Law School, Silicon Valley, Research, European Law, artificial intelligence, Intellectual Property Law, Innovation, Policy, Legislators, Lawmakers, Disruption, Emerging Tech, 4th Industrial Revolution, Humanist moral values, Sustainable Disruptive Innovation Policy Pluralism, Public Domain, Res Publicae ex Machina, Pareto improvement, strategy, Amsterdam, Netherlands, USA, AIRecht, Law, Science & Technology (LST)
Intellectual Property at Stanford Law School
Intellectual Property at Stanford Law School

USA IP Law at Stanford University

Stanford Law School has a long-standing tradition of sharing its expertise in Intellectual Property, Science and Technology law with legal professionals from around the world. In August 2019, AIRecht managing partner and strategic IP specialist Mauritz Kop had the pleasure to be part of a pre-selected international group of highly talented IP lawyers, counsels and scholars who had the opportunity to bring their professional skills to the next level and study complex IP issues related to Silicon Valley’s hi-tech industry, during an intensive international certificate summer program on U.S. IP law. The international professional American Intellectual Property Law Program at Stanford University is co-directed by Prof. Siegfried Fina, Prof. Mark Lemley and Dr. Roland Vogl.

SLS: A World’s Leading Law School at an Ivy Plus League University

Stanford University is an Ivy Plus League university. Ivy League schools such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT and Columbia University are viewed as the most prestigious, ranked among the best universities worldwide and have connotations of academic excellence. SLS is one of the world’s leading law schools. The Faculty draws international top talent to its magnificent campus. Stanford Law School’s Program in Law, Science & Technology (LST) has been ranked regularly among the top three intellectual property law programs in the United States, together with the IP Programs (LL.M. and J.D.) of the University of California-Berkeley and the University of New York.

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Amerikaans recht, Artificial Intelligence, Auteursrecht, Europees recht, Healthcare, Intellectual Property, IPR, Kunstmatige Intelligentie, Recht, Tech Startups, University, WetgevingMauritz KopAIRechtStanford University, artificial intelligence, Intellectual Property Law, Ivy Plus League, AI & Law, Silicon Valley, Copyright, Patent, Trademark, Trade Secret, Research, Res Publicae ex Machina, Public Property from the Machine, Public Domain, AI Impact Assessment, William H Neukom Building, Hoover Tower, Campus, California, Stanford Law School
Silicon Valley: AI Impact Assessment presented at Apple, Facebook and Stanford University
Silicon Valley: AI Impact Assessment presented at Apple, Facebook and Stanford University

AIRecht presents ECP AIIA in Silicon Valley

On 23 August 2019, Mauritz Kop LL.M. had the honour to present the ECP AI Impact Assessment to front-running companies in Silicon Valley, in the amazing San Francisco Bay Area. AI should be a force for good and our Dutch risk-management tool can help with that. The AIIA is a first-of-its-kind guide for the development and implementation of artificial intelligence and includes 2 things: a practical Checklist from a legal, technical and ethical point of view (in line with the EU Trustworthy AI paradigm) and a concrete Code of Conduct for data scientists. On top of that, our AIRecht managing partner introduced the AIIA at Stanford University, in beautiful Palo Alto.

Stanford University Campus

Stanford University has a stunning campus. It offers exuberant nature, nice temperature and magnificent architecture. Innovation is in the air. During the graduation ceremony of a post-doctoral intellectual property course at Stanford Law School, Mauritz officially handed over an English hardcopy of the ECP AI Impact Assessment to Professor Siegfried Fina and Professor Roland Vogl, Program Directors at SLS. The Program focusses on ‘'Overview on U.S. IP Law’ with specific attention to high-tech IP issues, such as copyrights, trade secrets, patents, trademarks, licensing and venture capital. A wonderful place for learning, discovery, innovation, expression and discourse, at the highest academic level imaginable.

Transatlantic bridges

It was an incredibly inspiring visit to Silicon Valley. We have seen it with our own eyes now: the Bay Area truly is the innovation hub of the world, together with Massachusetts (Boston, Harvard, MIT). It offers excellent opportunities for tech start-ups to work together and brainstorm with the best qualified experts, and create partnerships with professionals in myriad industrial sectors and disciplines. We hope to be back soon to further strengthen EU-USA relationships, construct new partnerships, exchange talent and remove barriers to trade and collaboration across the Atlantic.

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Amerikaans recht, Artificial Intelligence, Auteursrecht, Fundamental Rights, Healthcare, Intellectueel Eigendom, University, Tech StartupsMauritz KopAIRechtartificial intelligence, AI Impact Assessment, Apple, Facebook, Innovation Optimum, intellectual property, Stanford University
Cursus AI, Data, Privacy en Innovatie in de Zorg
Cursus AI, Data, Privacy en Innovatie in de Zorg

Suzan Slijpen, Sander Ruiter en Mauritz Kop over AI in de Zorg

Op 31 oktober 2019 gaven Suzan Slijpen, Sander Ruiter en Mauritz Kop een cursus AI, Data, Privacy en Innovatie in de Zorg in het Maasstad Ziekenhuis Rotterdam. Wij waren daar te gast op uitnodiging van Quint Wellington Redwood, een leading consultancy firm die organisaties ondersteunt bij het ontwerpen en operationaliseren van hun digitale strategie waarbij mensen, processen en technologie centraal staan.

Gebruik van patiëntgegevens, medische hulpmiddelen, datadelen, privacy & AI in het ziekenhuis

Doel van cursus was om helderheid te scheppen in de wettelijke regels over het gebruik van patiëntgegevens, datadelen, eigendom van trainingsdatasets, medical devices, privacy en artificiële intelligentie in het ziekenhuis. AIRecht werd ingeschakeld om expertise te geven over dit complexe en uitdagende onderwerp. Om barrières weg te nemen voor innovatie. Onder de aanwezigen waren het Maasstad Ziekenhuis Rotterdam management team, de CISO (Chief Information Security Officer), enkele artsen, radiologen en verpleegkundigen. Ook waren er data scientists uitgenodigd van Parnassia Groep, specialisten in geestelijke gezondheid.

Keynote Digitale Zorg - Medical Devices, Patiëntdata, MDR & AVG

Nieuwe Europese regelgeving (MDR) voor Medical Devices waaronder zorgrobots, medische producten, hulpmiddelen en medische software vanuit een AI-helicopterview, die in 2020 in Nederland van kracht wordt. Verhouding tussen de AVG en de MDR. Gebruik en uitwisseling van patiëntdata, informatiebeveiliging en digitale zorg: wat mag er wel en niet op basis van de Europese Privacywetgeving (AVG/GDPR)?

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Artificial Intelligence, Artificiële Intelligentie, Auteursrecht, Big data, Computer Vision, Contractenrecht, Farmaceutica, Fundamental Rights, Grondrechten, Healthcare, Informatierecht, Intellectual Property, Intellectueel Eigendom, Internet of Things, Juridisch Advies, Kunstmatige Intelligentie, Medical Devices, Medische Producten, Quantum Computing, Robotica, WetgevingMauritz KopAIRecht
Dutch AI Coalition and Strategic Action Plan Artificial Intelligence
Dutch AI Coalition and Strategic Action Plan Artificial Intelligence

State Secretary Mona Keijzer launches Dutch AI Coalition and presents Strategic Action Plan AI for The Netherlands

65 Organizations, including our company AIRecht, are joining forces to ensure that the Netherlands becomes a major player in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).

Kick-off Dutch AI Coalition

More than 65 parties from the business community, government, education and research institutions and social organizations have joined the Dutch AI Coalition that launched on 8 October 2019. The Dutch AI Coalition (NL AIC / Nederlandse AI Coalitie) is a public-private partnership that functions as the catalyst for AI in The Netherlands. From leading multinationals IBM, Philips, Seedlink, Rabobank, KLM, Delft University and Amsterdam University, numerous SMEs to the police and knowledge institutions such as TNO and CLAIRE.

Strategic Action Plan AI of the Dutch Government (SAPAI)

It was a great day for AI-policy and technology driven innovation in The Netherlands. The Strategic Action Plan AI of the Dutch Government (SAPAI) follows a coordinated AI-policy approach on 3 tracks, including the implementation of knowledge and innovation agendas per industry sector (Health, AgriFood, Energy, Mobility), top research in the field of AI, the stimulation of AI entrepreneurship, the promotion of consumer rights and fair digital competition on online platforms, as well as safeguarding public values, human rights and fundamental freedoms through responsible and trustworthy tech, based on our shared European legal and ethical values.

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Artificial Intelligence, Artificiële IntelligentieMauritz KopAIRechtStrategic Action Plan AI, Dutch Government, AI-policy, SAPAI, Dutch AI Coalition, AIRecht, Innovation agenda, Research, NL AIC, Nederlandse AI Coalitie
Suzan Slijpen Conference Speaker at the National University of Ireland
Suzan Slijpen Conference Speaker at the National University of Ireland

Legal Aspects of AI in Healthcare

On 16 August 2019, Suzan Slijpen LL.M. had the honour to speak about the legal aspects of the development and use of artificial intelligence (a disruptive technology) in healthcare, at the AI in Medicine Conference organized by the Irish Association of Physicists in Medicine (IAPM). The conference took place in Galway, at the National University of Ireland (School of Physics, NUI Galway/ OÉ Gaillimh). Suzan is a senior legal consultant at AIRecht.nl, and specializes in eHealth & medical devices, pharmaceutical law, European food law and contract law, from an AI helicopterview. She is also founder and lawyer at boutique law office Slijpen Legal.

Key topics of the Artificial Intelligence in Medicine lecture

Key legal topics that Suzan addressed in her Artificial Intelligence in Medicine lecture:

1. AI & Robotics: Disruptive Technologies: Synergetic effects of 4th Industrial Revolution technologies like robotics, big data, quantum computing, Blockchain, Virtual Reality (VR) and Internet of Things (IoT).

2. eHealth and medical devices: legal classification.

3. Fundamental Rights: Safeguarding of Fundamental Rights in AI applications, Rights of Patients.

4. Ethics and responsible AI: 1791 French Revolution Values, HLEG Concept of Trustworthy AI.

5. Intellectual Property on AI and Health Apps: Licensing your IP.

6. Liability for damages caused by smart robots: who is liable for misdiagnosis by an AI algorithm?

7. Legislation and Jurisprudence.

8. AI Impact Assessment: remove roadblocks for AI.

Legislation and regulations regarding AI in Healthcare

Do you want to know more about legislation and regulations regarding AI in Healthcare, or Legal aspects of disruptive tech in Medicine? Or do you want to organize a workshop or conference yourself and invite us as a speaker or teacher? Then please contact us about the possibilities!

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Healthcare, Medicine, Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Fundamental Rights, Ethics, Conference, UniversityMauritz KopAIRecht.nlSuzan Slijpen, Legal, AI, Healthcare, Medicine, Conference, Symposium, Workshop, Lecture, artificial intelligence, Speaker, Irish Association of Physicists in Medicine, IAPM, National University of Ireland, NUI Galway, School of Physics, Lawyer, Slijpen Legal, eHealth, Medicial Devices, Pharmaceutical Law, Foodlaw, Contract Law, European Private Law, Robotics, Fundamental Rights, Ethics and Responsible AI, Liability, Damages, AI algorithm, Licensing, IP, intellectual property, doctor, hospotal, software manufacturer, Legislation, Jurisprudence, AI Impact Assessment, Handouts, Open Panel, Forum, disruptive technology