Artificiële Intelligentie & Recht
Innovation, Technology & Law

Blog over Kunstmatige Intelligentie, Quantum, Deep Learning, Blockchain en Big Data Law

Blog over juridische, sociale, ethische en policy aspecten van Kunstmatige Intelligentie, Quantum Computing, Sensing & Communication, Augmented Reality en Robotica, Big Data Wetgeving en Machine Learning Regelgeving. Kennisartikelen inzake de EU AI Act, de Data Governance Act, cloud computing, algoritmes, privacy, virtual reality, blockchain, robotlaw, smart contracts, informatierecht, ICT contracten, online platforms, apps en tools. Europese regels, auteursrecht, chipsrecht, databankrechten en juridische diensten AI recht.

Berichten met de tag Machine Learning
Een Juridisch-Ethisch Kader voor Quantum Technologie
Een Juridisch-Ethisch Kader voor Quantum Technologie

Een bewerkte versie van deze bijdrage is gepubliceerd op platform VerderDenken.nl van het Centrum voor Postacademisch Juridisch Onderwijs (CPO) van de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. https://www.ru.nl/cpo/verderdenken/columns/we-nederland-voorbereiden-kwantumtoekomst/

Nederland moet zich voorbereiden op de toepassing van kwantumtechnologie, zegt jurist en Stanford Law School Fellow Mauritz Kop. Op het gebied van regulering, intellectueel eigendom en ethiek is er nog veel werk aan de winkel.

De Quantum Age roept veel juridische vragen op

Het gedrag van de natuur op de kleinste schaal kan vreemd en contra-intuïtief zijn. Hoe kunnen beleidsmakers de toepassingsgebieden van kwantumtechnologie, zoals quantum computing, quantum sensing en het quantum internet op een maatschappelijk verantwoorde manier reguleren? Dienen ethische kwesties een rol te spelen in regulering? De Quantum Age roept veel juridische vragen op.

Hoe kunnen we kwantumtechnologie reguleren?

Regulering van transformatieve technologie is een dynamisch, cyclisch proces dat de levensduur van de technologie en de toepassing volgt. Het vraagt om een flexibel wetgevend systeem dat zich snel kan aanpassen aan veranderende omstandigheden en maatschappelijke behoeften.

De eerste regelgevende stap om te komen tot een bruikbaar juridisch-ethisch kader is het koppelen van de Trustworthy AI-principes aan kwantumtechnologie. Die vullen we vervolgens aan met horizontale, overkoepelende regels die recht doen aan de unieke natuurkundige eigenschappen van quantum. Aan deze horizontale kernregels voegt de wetgever tenslotte verticale, industrie- of sectorspecifieke voorschriften toe. Die verticale voorschriften en gedragscodes zijn risk-based en houden rekening met de uiteenlopende behoeftes van economische sectoren waar het duurzame innovatiestimuli betreft. Zo ontstaat een gedifferentieerde, sectorspecifieke benadering aangaande incentives en risks.

Bewustwording van ethische, juridische en sociale aspecten

Een belangrijk onderdeel van het synchroniseren van onze normen, waarden, standaarden en principes met kwantumtechnologie is het creëren van bewustwording van de ethische, juridische en sociale aspecten ervan. De architectuur van systemen die zijn uitgerust met kwantumtechnologie moet waarden vertegenwoordigen die wij als samenleving belangrijk vinden.

Vooruitlopend op spectaculaire doorbraken in de toepassing van kwantumtechnologie is de tijd nu rijp voor regeringen, onderzoeksinstellingen en de markt om regulatoire en intellectuele eigendomsstrategieën voor te bereiden die passen bij de power van de technologie.

Nederland moet zich voorbereiden op een kwantumtoekomst, want die komt eraan.

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Artificiële Intelligentie, Intellectueel Eigendom, Innovation, Machine Learning, Policy, Quantum Technology, Quantum Computing, Recht, Scholarship, Wetgeving, ReguleringMauritz KopAIRechtQuantum Technology, Machine Learning, AI & Quantum Computing Hybrids, Software, Intellectual Property, Patents, Database Rights, Copyright, Trade Secrets, Public Domain, Standardisation, Regulation, Technology, Certification, Ethics, ELSA, Competition Law, Democracy, Human Rights, Innovation Policy, Mauritz Kop, CPO, Radboud Universiteit, VerderDenken, Stanford Law School, NEN, ISO, IEC, TU Delft, Quantum Delta, Normcommissie Quantum Technologieën, Living Labs
Regulating Transformative Technology in The Quantum Age: Intellectual Property, Standardization & Sustainable Innovation
Regulating Transformative Technology in The Quantum Age: Intellectual Property, Standardization & Sustainable Innovation

Stanford - Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, Transatlantic Antitrust and IPR Developments, Stanford University, Issue No. 2/2020

New Stanford cutting edge tech law research: “Regulating Transformative Technology in The Quantum Age: Intellectual Property, Standardization & Sustainable Innovation”.

Download the article here: Kop_Regulation Standardization Innovation Quantum Age-Stanford Law

Quantum technology has many legal aspects

The behavior of nature at the smallest scale can be strange and counterintuitive. In addition to unique physical characteristics, quantum technology has many legal aspects. In this article, we first explain what quantum technology entails. Next, we discuss implementation and areas of application, including quantum computing, quantum sensing and the quantum internet. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we then focus on intellectual property (IP), standardization, ethical, legal & social aspects (ELSA) as well as horizontal & industry-specific regulation of this transformative technology.

The Quantum Age raises many legal questions

The Quantum Age raises many legal questions. For example, which existing legislation applies to quantum technology? What types of IP rights can be vested in the components of a scalable quantum computer? Are there sufficient market-set innovation incentives for the development and dissemination of quantum software and hardware structures? Or is there a need for open source ecosystems, enrichment of the public domain and even democratization of quantum technology? Should we create global quantum safety, security and interoperability standards and make them mandatory in each area of application? In what way can quantum technology enhance artificial intelligence (AI) that is legal, ethical and technically robust?

Regulating quantum computing, quantum sensing & the quantum internet

How can policy makers realize these objectives and regulate quantum computing, quantum sensing and the quantum internet in a socially responsible manner? Regulation that addresses risks in a proportional manner, whilst optimizing the benefits of this cutting edge technology? Without hindering sustainable innovation, including the apportionment of rights, responsibilities and duties of care? What are the effects of standardization and certification on innovation, intellectual property, competition and market-entrance of quantum-startups?

The article explores possible answers to these tantalizing questions.

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Quantum Technology, Policy, Innovation, Certification, Standardization, University, ScholarshipMauritz KopStanford Law SchoolQuantum Technology, Machine Learning, AI & Quantum Computing Hybrids, Software, Intellectual Property, Patents, Database Rights, Copyright, Trade Secrets, Public Domain, Standardisation, Regulation, Technology, Certification, Ethics, ELSA, Competition Law, Democracy, Human Rights, Innovation Policy, Mauritz Kop, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, Stanford Law School
Shaping the Law of AI: Transatlantic Perspectives
Shaping the Law of AI: Transatlantic Perspectives

Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, TTLF Working Papers No. 65, Stanford University (2020).

New Stanford innovation policy research: “Shaping the Law of AI: Transatlantic Perspectives”.

Download the article here: Kop_Shaping the Law of AI-Stanford Law

The race for AI dominance

The race for AI dominance is a competition in values, as much as a competition in technology. In light of global power shifts and altering geopolitical relations, it is indispensable for the EU and the U.S to build a transatlantic sustainable innovation ecosystem together, based on both strategic autonomy, mutual economic interests and shared democratic & constitutional values. Discussing available informed policy variations to achieve this ecosystem, will contribute to the establishment of an underlying unified innovation friendly regulatory framework for AI & data. In such a unified framework, the rights and freedoms we cherish, play a central role. Designing joint, flexible governance solutions that can deal with rapidly changing exponential innovation challenges, can assist in bringing back harmony, confidence, competitiveness and resilience to the various areas of the transatlantic markets.

25 AI & data regulatory recommendations

Currently, the European Commission (EC) is drafting its Law of AI. This article gives 25 AI & data regulatory recommendations to the EC, in response to its Inception Impact Assessment on the “Artificial intelligence – ethical and legal requirements” legislative proposal. In addition to a set of fundamental, overarching core AI rules, the article suggests a differentiated industry-specific approach regarding incentives and risks.

European AI legal-ethical framework

Lastly, the article explores how the upcoming European AI legal-ethical framework’s norms, standards, principles and values can be connected to the United States, from a transatlantic, comparative law perspective. When shaping the Law of AI, we should have a clear vision in our minds of the type of society we want, and the things we care so deeply about in the Information Age, at both sides of the Ocean.

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Artificial Intelligence, Big data, Data processing, Ethics, European Law, Innovation, Intellectual Property, Machine Learning, Research, University, Law of AIMauritz KopStanford Law SchoolLaw of AI, Legal-Ethical Framework, Regulation, European Commission, Trustworthy AI, Risks, Data Act, Access, Machine Learning, Overarching Core AI Rules, Interoperability, Legal Transplant, United States, Impact Assessment, Comparative Law, Values, Ethically Aligned Design, IP, Incentives, Innovation, Mauritz Kop, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, Stanford Law School
The Right to Process Data for Machine Learning Purposes in the EU
The Right to Process Data for Machine Learning Purposes in the EU

Harvard Law School, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology (JOLT) Volume 34, Digest Spring 2021

New interdisciplinary Stanford University AI & Law research article: “The Right to Process Data for Machine Learning Purposes in the EU”.

Download the article here: Kop_The Right to Process Data-Harvard

Data Act & European data-driven economy

Europe is now at a crucial juncture in deciding how to deploy data driven technologies in ways that encourage democracy, prosperity and the well-being of European citizens. The upcoming European Data Act provides a major window of opportunity to change the story. In this respect, it is key that the European Commission takes firm action, removes overbearing policy and regulatory obstacles, strenuously harmonizes relevant legislation and provides concrete incentives and mechanisms for access, sharing and re-use of data. The article argues that to ensure an efficiently functioning European data-driven economy, a new and as yet unused term must be introduced to the field of AI & law: the right to process data for machine learning purposes.

The state can implement new modalities of property

Data has become a primary resource that should not be enclosed or commodified per se, but used for the common good. Commons based production and data for social good initiatives should be stimulated by the state. We need not to think in terms of exclusive, private property on data, but in terms of rights and freedoms to use, (modalities of) access, process and share data. If necessary and desirable for the progress of society, the state can implement new forms of property. Against this background the article explores normative justifications for open innovation and shifts in the (intellectual) property paradigm, drawing inspiration from the works of canonical thinkers such as Locke, Marx, Kant and Hegel.

Ius utendi et fruendi for primary resource data

The article maintains that there should be exceptions to (de facto, economic or legal) ownership claims on data that provide user rights and freedom to operate in the setting of AI model training. It concludes that this exception is conceivable as a legal concept analogous to a quasi, imperfect usufruct in the form of a right to process data for machine learning purposes. A combination of usus and fructus (ius utendi et fruendi), not for land but for primary resource data. A right to process data that works within the context of AI and the Internet of Things (IoT), and that fits in the EU acquis communautaire. Such a right makes access, sharing and re-use of data possible, and helps to fulfil the European Strategy for Data’s desiderata.

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Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, Innovation, Intellectual Property, Internet of Things, Scholarship, TTLFMauritz KopHarvard Law SchoolRight to Process Data, Data Sharing Access and Re-Use, Ius Utendi (usus) et Fruendi (fructus), Quasi Usufruct, Locke, Kant, Machine Learning, AI, Intellectual Property, European Data Act, Training Datasets, Database Rights, Copyright, Trade Secrets, Property Paradigm, Public Domain, Open Innovation, Mauritz Kop, Stanford University, Harvard Law School, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
Machine Learning & EU Data Sharing Practices
Machine Learning & EU Data Sharing Practices

Stanford - Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, Transatlantic Antitrust and IPR Developments, Stanford University, Issue No. 1/2020

New multidisciplinary research article: ‘Machine Learning & EU Data Sharing Practices’.

Download the article here: Kop_Machine Learning and EU Data Sharing Practices-Stanford University

In short, the article connects the dots between intellectual property (IP) on data, data ownership and data protection (GDPR and FFD), in an easy to understand manner. It also provides AI and Data policy and regulatory recommendations to the EU legislature.

As we all know, machine learning & data science can help accelerate many aspects of the development of drugs, antibody prophylaxis, serology tests and vaccines.

Supervised machine learning needs annotated training datasets

Data sharing is a prerequisite for a successful Transatlantic AI ecosystem. Hand-labelled, annotated training datasets (corpora) are a sine qua non for supervised machine learning. But what about intellectual property (IP) and data protection?

Data that represent IP subject matter are protected by IP rights. Unlicensed (or uncleared) use of machine learning input data potentially results in an avalanche of copyright (reproduction right) and database right (extraction right) infringements. The article offers three solutions that address the input (training) data copyright clearance problem and create breathing room for AI developers.

The article contends that introducing an absolute data property right or a (neighbouring) data producer right for augmented machine learning training corpora or other classes of data is not opportune.

Legal reform and data-driven economy

In an era of exponential innovation, it is urgent and opportune that both the TSD, the CDSM and the DD shall be reformed by the EU Commission with the data-driven economy in mind.

Freedom of expression and information, public domain, competition law

Implementing a sui generis system of protection for AI-generated Creations & Inventions is -in most industrial sectors- not necessary since machines do not need incentives to create or invent. Where incentives are needed, IP alternatives exist. Autonomously generated non-personal data should fall into the public domain. The article argues that strengthening and articulation of competition law is more opportune than extending IP rights.

Data protection and privacy

More and more datasets consist of both personal and non-personal machine generated data. Both the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Regulation on the free flow of non-personal data (FFD) apply to these ‘mixed datasets’.

Besides the legal dimensions, the article describes the technical dimensions of data in machine learning and federated learning.

Modalities of future AI-regulation

Society should actively shape technology for good. The alternative is that other societies, with different social norms and democratic standards, impose their values on us through the design of their technology. With built-in public values, including Privacy by Design that safeguards data protection, data security and data access rights, the federated learning model is consistent with Human-Centered AI and the European Trustworthy AI paradigm.

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Artificial Intelligence, Big data, Data delen, Machine Learning, Privacywetgeving, Policy, Tech Startups, Intellectueel EigendomMauritz KopAIRechtData Sharing, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Intellectual Property, Training Corpora, Mixed Dataset, Sui Generis Database Right, Copyright, Patent, Trade Secret, Data Ownership, Property Law, Public Domain, Res Publicae ex Machina, Policy, AI-Regulation, Technology, Data Protection, Privacy, GDPR, FFD, Data-Driven Economy, Machine Legibility, Federated Learning, Future, Vision, Design, Values, Trustworthy AI, Human-Centered AI, Open Data, Legal Reform, Trade Secret Directive, Database Directive, EU Copyright Directive, Antitrust, Competition Law, Stanford University
AI Trade Mission to Boston with Prime Minister Mark Rutte
AI Trade Mission to Boston with Prime Minister Mark Rutte

AIRecht.nl lawyers Mauritz Kop and Suzan Slijpen joined the Dutch AI trade mission to Boston, Massachusetts led by Prime Minister Mark Rutte and Minister Bruno Bruins. It was a big success. We visited leading companies in health care, climate, and robotics and AI and participated in high quality meetings and events at -inter alia- Harvard Wyss Institute, MIT, IBM Watson, Amazon Robotics, Humatics and Philips Healthworks R&D HQ USA.

AI-Chefsache interview

During debriefing at the Museum of Fine Arts & Koch Gallery, Prime Minister Mark Rutte and Mauritz Kop reflected on AI becoming Chefsache, the concept of Trustworthy AI, exporting European ethical values to the USA via the Dutch AI Impact Assessment (ECP), and building a strong and vibrant AI ecosystem in The Netherlands.

AIRecht.nl website included in IBM Watson presentation

We were honoured and thrilled to see that Nicola Palmarini, Global Manager AI for Healthy Aging IBM Research - MIT/IBM Watson AI Lab Cambridge and Tedx Speaker, included our AIRecht.nl website in his presentation about the moral, legal and ethical implications of AI, at IBM Watson Health Experience Centre.

Building on shared expierences

Learning and building on shared experiences is a two way street. During the mission, we gathered knowledge of the technological state of the art in Robotics & AI. We shared our own latest research insights on AI & IP, open access, public domain and ethics that facilitate innovation with influential academic institutions and ambitious, frontrunning entrepreneurs. This blog contains a photo report of our economic mission to the beautiful city of Boston.

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Artificiële Intelligentie, Intellectueel Eigendom, RoboticaMauritz KopArtificiële Intelligentie & RechtAIRecht.nl, Suzan Slijpen, Mauritz Kop, Mark Rutte, Bruno Bruins, AI Trade Mission, Boston, Massachusetts, Health Care, Climate Resilience, Robotics, Chefsache, Ethics, IBM Watson, Trustworthy AI, Intellectual Property, Open Access, Copyright, Patent, Trade Sectret, Brandname, Artificial Intelligence Impact Assessment, ECP, Philips Healthworks, Clinical Pathways, Machine Learning, Humatics, Veo Robotics, MIT The Engine, MIT CSAIL, Hyperlight, autonomous driving, flying cars, Greensight Agronomics, Neurala, Lifelong-DNN, Continual Learning, Affectiva, Smartvid, Harvard Wyss Institute, Nature inspired inventions, Industrial Exosuits, Bioinspired robot swarms, Boston Consulting Group, skills agenda, Watsonized, Star Trek, Boston Dynamics, Spot, Position paper Task Force AI, Invest and Collaborate, Holland Trade Dinner, U-Mass Club, RightHand Robotics, Philips Breakthrough Program, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Koch Gallery, Van Otterloo and Weatherbie art donation, Business Delegation, Hans de Boer, VNO-NCW, Holland Innovation Attaché Network, Dutch AI companies, Transatlantic relationships, Company Profile, Law, Strategy, Contracts